deb 基本操作
apt deb 包缓存：
~$ ls /var/cache/apt/archives/
libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb
lock
partial
python-rbd_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb
dpkg-deb
查看 deb 包信息（rpm 包的话需要几个不同的选项组合才能查到所有的这些信息）：
~$ dpkg-deb -I libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb
new Debian package, version 2.0.
size 334400 bytes: control archive=14872 bytes.
635 bytes, 15 lines control
159 bytes, 2 lines md5sums
48 bytes, 1 lines shlibs
139265 bytes, 1686 lines symbols
74 bytes, 2 lines triggers
Package: libradosstriper1
Source: ceph
Version: 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1
Architecture: amd64
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Installed-Size: 1190
Depends: librados2 (= 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libstdc++6 (>= 6)
Section: libs
Priority: optional
Homepage: http://ceph.com/
Description: RADOS striping interface
Striping interface built on top of the rados library, allowing
to stripe bigger objects onto several standard rados objects using
an interface very similar to the rados one.
Original-Maintainer: Ceph Maintainers <ceph-maintainers@lists.ceph.com>
列出 deb 包内容：
~$ dpkg-deb -c libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/lib/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/
-rw-r--r-- root/root 1012088 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/share/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/share/doc/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1/
-rw-r--r-- root/root 40016 2019-02-11 19:06 ./usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1/copyright
lrwxrwxrwx root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1 -> libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
lrwxrwxrwx root/root 0 2019-02-15 18:08 ./usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1/changelog.Debian.gz -> ../librados2/changelog.Debian.gz
解压 deb 包：
~$ dpkg-deb -x libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb ~/working/test/deb
~$ tree ~/working/test/deb/
/home/runsisi/working/test/deb/
└── usr
├── lib
│ └── x86_64-linux-gnu
│ ├── libradosstriper.so.1 -> libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
│ └── libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
└── share
└── doc
└── libradosstriper1
├── changelog.Debian.gz -> ../librados2/changelog.Debian.gz
└── copyright
6 directories, 4 files
解压 deb 包元数据文件（即 control、preinst、prerm 之类的文件）：
~$ dpkg-deb -e libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb ~/working/test/deb
~$ tree ~/working/test/deb/
/home/runsisi/working/test/deb/
├── control
├── md5sums
├── shlibs
├── symbols
└── triggers
0 directories, 5 files
同时解压 deb 包的元数据文件与用户文件：
~$ dpkg-deb -R libradosstriper1_12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1_amd64.deb ~/working/test/deb
~$ tree ~/working/test/deb
/home/runsisi/working/test/deb
├── DEBIAN
│ ├── control
│ ├── md5sums
│ ├── shlibs
│ ├── symbols
│ └── triggers
└── usr
├── lib
│ └── x86_64-linux-gnu
│ ├── libradosstriper.so.1 -> libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
│ └── libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
└── share
└── doc
└── libradosstriper1
├── changelog.Debian.gz -> ../librados2/changelog.Debian.gz
└── copyright
7 directories, 9 files
注意：如上的 dpkg-deb 命令，除 -R 外都可以直接使用 dpkg 进行调用。
dpkg-query
列出所有已安装的 deb 包：
~$ dpkg-query -l | grep librados
ii librados-dev 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 RADOS distributed object store client library (development files)
ii librados2 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 RADOS distributed object store client library
ii libradosstriper1 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 RADOS striping interface
查看已安装的 deb 包的信息：
~$ dpkg-query -s libradosstriper1
Package: libradosstriper1
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: libs
Installed-Size: 1190
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Source: ceph
Version: 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1
Depends: librados2 (= 12.2.11-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libstdc++6 (>= 6)
Description: RADOS striping interface
Striping interface built on top of the rados library, allowing
to stripe bigger objects onto several standard rados objects using
an interface very similar to the rados one.
Homepage: http://ceph.com/
Original-Maintainer: Ceph Maintainers <ceph-maintainers@lists.ceph.com>
根据文件查找 deb 包：
~$ dpkg-query -S /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1
libradosstriper1: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1
列出已安装的 deb 包的内容：
~$ dpkg-query -L libradosstriper1
/.
/usr
/usr/lib
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1.0.0
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1
/usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1/copyright
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libradosstriper.so.1
/usr/share/doc/libradosstriper1/changelog.Debian.gz
注意：如上 dpkg-query 命令都可以直接使用 dpkg 命令进行调用
修改 deb 包
~$ fakeroot
~# dpkg-deb -R ceph-mon_12.2.12-1xenial_amd64.deb ceph-mon
~# vi ceph-mon/
DEBIAN/ etc/ lib/ usr/ var/
~# vi ceph-mon/DEBIAN/control
Package: ceph-mon
Source: ceph
Version: 12.2.12-2xenial
~# dpkg-deb -b ceph-mon/ ceph-mon/
DEBIAN/ etc/ lib/ usr/ var/
~# dpkg-deb -b ceph-mon/ ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb
dpkg-deb: building package 'ceph-mon' in 'ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb'.
~# dpkg -I ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb
new Debian package, version 2.0.
size 4563072 bytes: control archive=2368 bytes.
88 bytes, 3 lines conffiles
1177 bytes, 22 lines control
674 bytes, 10 lines md5sums
1986 bytes, 66 lines * postinst
590 bytes, 21 lines * postrm #!/bin/sh
439 bytes, 28 lines * prerm #!/bin/sh
Package: ceph-mon
Source: ceph
Version: 12.2.12-2xenial
Architecture: amd64
Maintainer: Ceph Maintainers <ceph-maintainers@lists.ceph.com>
Installed-Size: 19045
Depends: ceph-base (= 12.2.12-1xenial), python-flask, init-system-helpers (>= 1.18~), libc6 (>= 2.16), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libgoogle-perftools4, libibverbs1 (>= 1.1.2), libleveldb1v5, libnspr4 (>= 2:4.9-2~) | libnspr4-0d (>= 1.8.0.10), libnss3 (>= 2:3.13.4-2~) | libnss3-1d (>= 3.12.9~beta2), librados2, libsnappy1v5, libstdc++6 (>= 5.2), zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.4)
Recommends: ceph-common
Breaks: ceph (<< 10), ceph-test (<< 12.2.2-14)
Replaces: ceph (<< 10), ceph-test (<< 12.2.2-14)
Section: admin
Priority: optional
Homepage: http://ceph.com/
Description: monitor server for the ceph storage system
Ceph is a massively scalable, open-source, distributed
storage system that runs on commodity hardware and delivers object,
block and file system storage.
.
This package contains the cluster monitor daemon for the Ceph storage
system. One or more instances of ceph-mon form a Paxos part-time parliament
cluster that provides extremely reliable and durable storage of cluster
membership, configuration, and state.
~# exit
exit
~$ ll
total 8932
drwxr-xr-x 3 runsisi runsisi 4096 May 31 23:42 ./
drwxr-xr-x 17 runsisi runsisi 4096 May 31 22:57 ../
drwxr-xr-x 7 runsisi runsisi 4096 May 31 23:40 ceph-mon/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 runsisi runsisi 4562182 May 31 23:35 ceph-mon_12.2.12-1xenial_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 runsisi runsisi 4563072 May 31 23:42 ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb
注意：修改 control 文件中的 Version 信息才是真正的修改了版本号。
强制选项
~$ sudo dpkg -i --force-all ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb
(Reading database ... 352370 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack ceph-mon_12.2.12-3xenial_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking ceph-mon (12.2.12-2xenial) over (12.2.12-2xenial) ...
dpkg: ceph-mon: dependency problems, but configuring anyway as you requested:
ceph-mon depends on ceph-base (= 12.2.12-1xenial); however:
Package ceph-base is not installed.
ceph-mon depends on python-flask; however:
Package python-flask is not installed.
Setting up ceph-mon (12.2.12-2xenial) ...
其中的 --force-all 只是 --force-<things> 众多 things 的全集，特别注意其中的 confnew, confold, conflicts, depends 等选项。
强制删除
有时候，无论怎么折腾，都会出现已安装的 deb 包无法卸载的情况，如：
~$ sudo apt --fix-broken install --force
E: Command line option --force is not understood in combination with the other options
root@runsisi-hust:/home/runsisi# apt --fix-broken install
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
...
The following packages will be REMOVED:
ceph-mon
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 439 not upgraded.
After this operation, 19.5 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
(Reading database ... 352369 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing ceph-mon (12.2.12-2xenial) ...
Failed to stop ceph.service: Unit ceph.service not loaded.
invoke-rc.d: initscript ceph, action "stop" failed.
dpkg: error processing package ceph-mon (--remove):
installed ceph-mon package pre-removal script subprocess returned error exit status 5
Errors were encountered while processing:
ceph-mon
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
~$ sudo dpkg -r ceph-mon
(Reading database ... 352353 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing ceph-mon (12.2.12-2xenial) ...
Failed to stop ceph.service: Unit ceph.service not loaded.
invoke-rc.d: initscript ceph, action "stop" failed.
dpkg: error processing package ceph-mon (--remove):
installed ceph-mon package pre-removal script subprocess returned error exit status 5
Errors were encountered while processing:
ceph-mon
这时就只能通过手动修改 deb 的内置脚本来解决了：
~$ cd /var/lib/dpkg/info
~$ sudo vi ceph-mon.prerm
比较版本号
https://runsisi.com/2019/02/02/deb-ver-compare
查询 deb 依赖
$ apt-cache depends python-rbd
python-rbd
Depends: librbd1
Depends: python
Depends: python
Depends: <python:any>
python
Depends: libc6
Depends: libgcc1
Depends: libpython2.7
Depends: librados2
Depends: libstdc++6
Breaks: python-ceph
Replaces: python-ceph
$ dpkg -I python-rbd_14.2.15-109-g040e46e0-1xenial_amd64.deb
new debian package, version 2.0.
size 355256 bytes: control archive=1240 bytes.
830 bytes, 19 lines control
1134 bytes, 12 lines md5sums
158 bytes, 9 lines * postinst #!/bin/sh
255 bytes, 14 lines * prerm #!/bin/sh
Package: python-rbd
Source: ceph
Version: 14.2.15-109-g040e46e0-1xenial
Architecture: amd64
Maintainer: Ceph Maintainers <ceph-maintainers@lists.ceph.com>
Installed-Size: 1447
Depends: librbd1 (>= 14.2.15-109-g040e46e0-1xenial), python (<< 2.8), python (>= 2.7~), python:any (>= 2.7.5-5~), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libpython2.7 (>= 2.7), librados2, libstdc++6 (>= 7)
Breaks: python-ceph (<< 0.92-1223)
Replaces: python-ceph (<< 0.92-1223)
Section: python
Priority: optional
Homepage: http://ceph.com/
Description: Python 2 libraries for the Ceph librbd library
Ceph is a massively scalable, open-source, distributed
storage system that runs on commodity hardware and delivers object,
block and file system storage.
.
This package contains Python 2 libraries for interacting with Ceph's
RBD block device library.
强制使用未签名的 apt repo
$ sudo apt -o Acquire::AllowInsecureRepositories=true -o Acquire::AllowDowngradeToInsecureRepositories=true update
$ sudo apt install python-rbd
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libnspr4 libnss3 libpython-stdlib libpython2.7 libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib librados2 librbd1 libssl1.0.0 python python-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
python-doc python-tk python2.7-doc binutils binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libnspr4 libnss3 libpython-stdlib libpython2.7 libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib librados2 librbd1 libssl1.0.0 python python-minimal python-rbd python2.7 python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 14 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded.
Need to get 12.8 MB of archives.
After this operation, 49.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
librados2 librbd1 python-rbd
Install these packages without verification? [y/N] y
锁定版本
apt-mark的作用与 yum versionlock 类似：
$ sudo apt-mark hold libgegl-0.4-0
libgegl-0.4-0 set on hold.
$ apt-mark showhold
libgegl-0.4-0
$ sudo apt-mark unhold libgegl-0.4-0
Canceled hold on libgegl-0.4-0.
参考资料
Easily unpack DEB, edit postinst, and repack DEB
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/138188/easily-unpack-deb-edit-postinst-and-repack-deb
How to prevent updating of a specific package?
https://askubuntu.com/questions/18654/how-to-prevent-updating-of-a-specific-package
最后修改于 2019-05-31